When a reader encounters an unknown word, they can infer the meaning, ignore the word, or use a dictionary. This study utilizes eye tracking and other data to examine which strategy is best for L2 readers in a variety of specific contexts. Implications for teachers and learners will be discussed.
Many language learners struggle with reading competency due to a lack of vocabulary and ineffective reading strategies. When a reader encounters unknown lexica, they have three main options: guess the meaning from context; ignore the word; or, use a dictionary. The best strategy likely depends on a variety of factors. Trying to infer meaning is often the quickest way to both learn new vocabulary and to comprehend the text (Grabe & Stoller, 2013). However, word meaning cannot always be inferred. In this case, ignoring the unknown word may be the best strategy if the word is not relevant to one’s reading objectives. However, if unknown words are skipped too much, readers cannot understand the text; at least 95% of words in a text need to be accurately processed for comprehension (Nation, 2010). Finally, if word meaning cannot be confidently inferred and if the word is essential to one’s reading purpose, dictionary use is extremely beneficial (Prichard, 2008). While the above guidelines have theoretical support, empirical research is lacking. Most studies on the issue have relied on surveys, and respondents’ accuracy can be a limitation of self-report measures (Bax & Weir, 2012). Due to the gap in the literature, this study of Japanese L2 readers of English utilizes eye tracking and other data to empirically examine the issue. Eye movements “reflect moment-to moment cognitive processes” (Rayner, 1998, p. 372) and can therefore reliably show reading strategies. Through eye tracking, the researchers were able to verify exactly which vocabulary coping strategy was utilized in a variety of specific contexts. By comparing these results with comprehension and vocabulary recall scores, we can ascertain which strategies tend to be most effective for learners. This has numerous implications which could guide learners to better improve their reading proficiency and lead to vocabulary acquisition.
